Coffee Industry Essay Example for Free

Coffee Industry Essay People usually drink coffee to stay up while awake at night, besides that many people rely on coffee to get their day started. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, â€Å"Drinking coffee can lead to a longer life†; however, many consumers have no idea of the impact of habits on their coffee and coffee farmers around the globe, ethical issues of consumers with the industry is not fair; but to coffee farmers, the issues are human rights violations and use of child labor issues need to be addressed. To remedy this situation, the fair trade will hopefully improve the living conditions of some of the poorest people in the world through certified value and the change in the consumers choice. Coffee is one of the most valuable commodities in the world, most of the farmers in the form of small retail and come from developing countries, although the majority of coffee sales are in the America and Europe many people around the world rely on coffee to work and have a better life; however, to producing quality coffee, farmers have to work very hard though farmers receive very little money and the inequity of the coffee producing companies when they sell coffee. Working conditions of farmers in the plantations are very different, although they work hard , but it paid for exploitation, for example , in Guatemala , coffee pickers to harvest 100 pounds to get the minimum wage $ 3 per day (The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee 2010),farmers have to work overtime and do not earn extra money, so farmers use child labor for the production of coffee to save money and use these chemicals effect of the human body in order for a fast development of coffee sale on the market. Moreover, using the chemicals and the development of the coffee industry adversely affect habitat and species decline. In addition, forests are cut down to coffee production affects the environment and soil erosion. According to World Wildlife Fund (WWF), â€Å"converting forest to tea and coffee agriculture can also create erosion and soil loss† (WWF 2010) ; Yet the farmers have no choice and/or the opportunity to change. According to the International Coffee Organization or ICO â€Å"Coffee production in 2012 was 144 611 000 bags, mostly from less developed countries such as, Brazil 50 826 000 bags ,Vietnam 22 000 000 bags and Indonesia 12 730 000 bags â€Å" (ICO 2013), though coffee production is highly ranked in the world, but farmers still do not get enough money to pay for life, for example. Vietnam in 2012, producing nearly 30 % of world coffee production but the turnover is only 10 % of the total trade value obtained from the global industry, the main reason is due to their ability to improve processing of value and coffee products are limited, coffee roasting plants in countries with rates lower than 10%, when farmers sells 1kg of coffee beans, farmers gets about 2 dollars or an average price of one cup of coffee oversea, yet 1 kg of coffee can make 50 cups. In addition, the links between farmers and enterprises are not strong, the lack of information on farmers markets, so farmers often extorted. Moreover, the risk of crop failure is the fear of the coffee growers. Most of the profits from coffee for export processing enterprises, coffee farmers only enjoy a small percentage. That has caused insecurity for farmers. Solution to this problem is the fair trade. According to Wikimedia, Fair trade coffee is coffee that is certified as having been produced and marketed to a stated set of standards. Many Customers pay a higher price when buying coffee with the certification logo or brand in the Belief Furniture , by doing so, they are helping farmers in the Third World . In particular, the fair trade coffee movement gives a reasonable price to the Farmers who were being a low wage labor exploitation. However, achieve certification of fair trade, farmers must meet several conditions of production as farmers have to meet a large variety of production standards : there are limits on the use of child labor , pesticides , herbicides , genetically modified products , etc. With these standards met, both consumers and farmers can benefit, with farmers getting the sufficient amount of money for their products, and the consumers getting their product knowing it’s safe to consume and has no effect on the producers financially or ethnically. These farmers must cooperate with businesses to produce the certified products, such amounts received will be higher and the lives of the farmers would be better. In addition, consumers should choose certified products in the supermarket or the market as this will support and will be helpful for farmers. In conclusion, fair trading is the way for farmers and coffee producers to get a higher amount, and will change lives for the better. Therefore farmers should choose fair trade to ensure benefits and consumers should choose products that have been certified to support the farmers. Reference * The problem with Fair Trade Coffee. * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. ssireview. org/articles/entry/the_problem_with_fair_trade_coffee * Coffee Production and Labor. * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. organicconsumers. org/starbucks/coffeelabor. htm * Fair Trade Coffee * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee * International Coffee Organization- EXPORTING COUNTRIES: TOTAL PRODUCTION * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. ico. org/prices/po. htm. * Health and effect of Coffee * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Health_effects_of_coffee * Environmental Impacts of Coffee and Tea Production * Retrieved September 2, 2013 from http://www. hellogreentomorrow. com/blog/2010/11/environmental-impacts-of-coffee-and-tea-production.

Marxism and Labour Theory - The Conflicts between Employee and Employer

Marxism and Labour Theory - The Conflicts between Employee and Employer 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview on the essay topic To organisations, employees (labours) are wonderful resources, because they are compact and multi-purpose, capable of simple manual tasks or dealing with complicated machines, most importantly, they are the profit maker for their employers. However, there is always a problem between employees and employer. Any attempt to manager in a humane way, by consensus, is doomed to failure because of the irresolvable conflict between employees and their employers. Within nearly every organisation or company conflicts occur from time to time, between the employers and the employees. This paper argues what kind of conflicts between employee and employer from the perspective of Marxism and Labour Theory. 1.2 Structure of this essay The main purpose of this essay is to define the conflict between employees and employers is irresolvable. Firstly, I will briefly introduce Marxism and the Marxism Economy. Secondly, I will explain some of the Marx ´s issue on Labour Power and Capitalism Power, this will lead to the next section- the conflict relationship between them in an organisation. Thirdly, in this section I will describe the sources of conflict in an organisation, and discuss why the conflict between them is irresolvable. Finally, in this last section of the paper, it reviews the essay topic again, and I shall illustrate my opinion on the conflict between employee and employer, finally, I shall explain why organisation employer or owner can not manage their employees in a humane way. 2. About Marxism 2.1 Overview on Marxism Marxism, or Scientific Socialism, is the name given to the body of ideas first worked out by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). In their totality, these ideas provide a fully worked-out theoretical basis for the struggle of the working class to attain a higher form of human society--socialism. [1] Marx was a revolutionary who was against capitalism and actively promoted its overthrow. Marx is the representative of the working class; also Marxism represents the second great leap in the development of proletarian ideology. [2] In the Marxism Economy, at first sight, it looks as if goods and things are produced mainly for people's needs. Obviously every society has to do this. But under capitalism, goo... ...heory_of_value_2.html (Access Date 06-05-05) Lesson from working class history From: http://www.bolshevik.org/1917/no21/No21gnst.pdf (Access Date 02-05-05) David M. Boje (1999) Labour Process Theory and Other Grand Narratives From: http://cbae.nmsu.edu/~dboje/grand.html (Access Date: 02-05-05) --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] What is Marxism by Rob Sewell and Alan Woods [2] 1993: Long Live Marxism-Leninism-Maoism [3] An Introduction to Marxist Economy by Rob Sewell and Alan Woods [4] this is one of the definition from http://www.sla.purdue.edu/academic/engl/theory/marxism/terms/laborpower.html (Access Date 11-05-05) [5] What is Marxism by Rob Sewell and Alan Woods [6] Ibid [7] The Marxist critique of capitalism [8] Labour Power Definition: http://www.sla.purdue.edu/academic/engl/theory/marxism/terms/surplusvalue.html [9] An introduction to Marx's Labour Theory of Value by Brooks Mick [10] Ibid, same resource [11] Lesson from working class history [12] Marxism and Trade Unions by Leon Trotsky [13] Lesson from working class history. [14] Labour Process Theory and Other Grand Narratives by David M. Boje (1999)

Indian Capital Market Essay

History of Indian Capital Markets S. Sowdeesram The history of the Indian capital markets and the stock market, in particular can be traced back to 1861 when the American Civil War began. The opening of the Suez Canal during the 1860s led to a tremendous increase in exports to the United Kingdom and United States. Several companies were formed during this period and many banks came to the fore to handle the finances relating to these trades. With many of these registered under the British Companies Act, the Stock Exchange, Mumbai, came into existence in 1875. It was an unincorporated body of stockbrokers, which started doing business in the city under a banyan tree. Business was essentially confined to company owners and brokers, with very little interest evinced by the general public. There had been much fluctuation in the stock market on account of the American war and the battles in Europe. Sir Premchand Roychand remained a kingpin for many years. Sir Phiroze Jeejeebhoy was another who dominated the stock market scene from 1946 to 1980. His word was law and he had a great deal of influence over both brokers and the government. He was a good regulator and many crises were averted due to his wisdom and practicality. The BSE building, icon of the Indian capital markets, is called P. J. Tower in his memory. The planning process started in India in 1951, with importance being given to the formation of institutions and markets The Securities Contract Regulation Act 1956 became the parent regulation after the Indian Contract Act 1872, a basic law to be followed by security markets in India. To regulate the issue of share prices, the Controller of Capital Issues Act (CCI) was passed in 1947. The stock markets have had many turbulent times in the last 140 years of their existence. The imposition of wealth and expenditure tax in 1957 by Mr. T. T. Krishnamachari, the then finance minister, led to a huge fall in the markets. The dividend freeze and tax on bonus issues in 1958-59 also had a negative impact. War with China in 1962 was another memorably bad year, with the resultant shortages increasing prices all round. This led to a ban on forward trading in commodity markets in 1966, which was again a very bad period, together with the introduction of the Gold Control Act in 1963. The markets have witnessed several golden times too. Retail investors began participating in the stock markets in a small way with the dilution of the FERA in 1978. Multinational companies, with operations in India, were forced to reduce foreign share holding to below a certain percentage, which led to a compulsory sale of shares or issuance of fresh stock. Indian investors, who applied for these shares, encountered a real lottery because those were the days when the CCI decided the price at which the shares could be issued. There was no free pricing and their formula was very conservative. The next big boom and mass participation by retail investors happened in 1980, with the entry of Mr. Dhirubhai Ambani. Dhirubhai can be said to be the father of modern capital markets. The Reliance public issue and subsequent issues on various Reliance companies generated huge interest. The general public was so unfamiliar with share certificates that Dhirubhai is rumoured to have distributed them to educate people. Mr. V. P. Singh’s fiscal budget in 1984 was pathbreaking for it started the era of liberalization. The removal of estate duty and reduction of taxes led to a swell in the new issue market and there was a deluge of companies in 1985. Mr. Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister came with a reform agenda in 1991 and this led to a resurgence of interest in the capital markets, only to be punctured by the Harshad Mehta scam in 1992. The mid-1990s saw a rise in leasing company shares, and hundreds of companies, mainly listed in Gujarat, and got listed in the BSE. The end1990s saw the emergence of Ketan

America Violating The Rights Of Refugees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 998 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Refugees Essay Did you like this example? The imprisonment of the immigrant separates the families of the immigrants, given that the children, women, and men are jailed in different prisons upon the prosecution. The freedom that they sought by entering America as refugees is no longer available. The hard policies against them have contributed to the violation of the human rights for these asylum seekers, who search for and are in need of humanitarian assistance from the American government.During the first week of adoption for the zero-tolerance policy on immigrants, passed by President Donald Trump, over 650 children were separated from their parents. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "America Violating The Rights Of Refugees" essay for you Create order Afterwards, the young children were taken to what were considered almost concentration camps, were Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents either kept them in cells or placed them in a foster family (The facts on Trump admin. zero-tolerance immigration policy, 2018). The United Nations organization have spoken up about their opinions on the matter and how they feel about the arrests and treatment towards refugees in America. The current regime in the US has turned their back on them, eliminating the refugee support systems eminent in the immigrant office (The US Must Not Turn Its Back On Refugees, 2018). The UN has indicated that the policy embraced by the US government is inhumane, given the fact that it destroys the family unit and place the children in cells or with other families that are not their own (Taking Migrant Children from Parents Is Illegal, U.N. Tells the U.S, 2018). The arrests of the immigrants separates kids from their parents and violates not only the rights of the children, but also the refugees seeking humanitarian help. A person who flees their home country because of war or persecution is perceived as a refugee in another country (What is a Refugee? Definition and Meaning | USA for UNHCR, n.d). Such a person qualifies to be awarded the rights and freedom entitled to asylum seekers. When a person is undocumented and claims to be a refugee, the host country ought to assist in filling out an application for asylum seeker status so that their ground of persecution and ultimate immigration is justified. Once thats done, some humanitarian assistance is of the essence for the immigrants who have just lost everything and risk their lives in order to have a chance at a new and better life. It has been noted that refugees are human beings and should thus not be subjected to policies that violate the very provisions of human rights. For example, refugees should not be subjected to torture or degrading treatment. The preservation of human rights on an individual should be founded on the basic fact that they were born human beings. The refugees qualify to be awarded all human rights, on the same basis as any other person. One of the most relevant and important human rights clauses for the refugees is the rights to the freedom of expression and opinion, and thats the one they are violating the most and completely disregarding (Study Guide The Rights of Refugees, n.d). The refugees ought to have their rights to freedom of thoughts, religion and conscience assured. Further, the rights to life, freedom, and liberty are fundamentally important for refugees to have. In addition, immigrants should not be discriminated against, no matter what country they are fleeing from. The refugee laws are well connected with human rights, hence any treatment that contravenes the international law of refugees also undermines their very basic human rights. The international refugee law declares that no state shall return a refugee to a country or border where their life or rights are threatened as this is irrespective of their race, religion, or nationality, as well as their political stance. The instances where asylum seekers or refugees are arrested and detained for being undocumented imposes much more pain, psychological torture, and emotional stress. The immigrants ought to be granted rights and freedom just like any other citizen in a state. The international human rights treaty introduces the evolving rights of children, under the interpretation of the international human rights law, which states that as the child grows, they should be granted the responsibilities and rights to make independent decisions on matters touching their lives. The implication of this right of the children is taking into consideration the fact that young kids, such as toddlers, have no responsibility or ability to make decisions on a matter that pertains their lives. The immigrants children are dependent on the decisions made by their parents or the elder members of their family. Toddlers have no understanding of the legal framework at hand, hence why the instances where they are put in cells is not only illegal but also inhumane. Refugees are human beings and, as such, deserve to be treated in accordance with the standing laws. Just like other citizens, they are protected by a wide range of laws that define how they should be handled. Some of these important laws and documents regarding the treatment of refugees are the 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees, the popular universal declaration of human rights, the American declaration of the duties and rights of a man, and the convention of the rights of a child among others. The convention of the rights of a child states that under any legal consideration, whether before the court of law or any other unit, the interests of the child shall always be considered first, no matter what. This aspect has been found to be contradicted by the Zero-tolerance policy of the U.S government on refugees. By the very clause, the policy is deemed unlawful because it seeks to punish the parents so much, to an extent where the interests of the child are no longer ta ken into consideration due to the blind desire of penalizing the adults. Putting the toddlers in cells and even further away from their family is quite punitive on the innocent children, completely overlooking the whole point of the convention of the child.